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Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American writer of novels, poetry and plays. Born in the Allegheny West neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and raised in Oakland, California, Stein moved to Paris in 1903, making France her home for the remainder of her life. A literary innovator and pioneer of Modernist literature, Stein’s work broke with the narrative, linear, and temporal conventions of the 19th-century. She was also known as a collector of Modernist art. In 1933, Stein published a kind of memoir of her Paris years, ''The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas'', written in the voice of Toklas, her life partner. The book became a literary bestseller and vaulted Stein from the relative obscurity of cult literary figure into the light of mainstream attention.〔http://www.nytimes.com, Books, Mellow, James R., "The Stein Salon Was the First Museum of Modern Art", December 1, 1968, retrieved October 13, 2012〕 ==Early life== Gertrude Stein, the youngest of a family of five children, was born on February 3, 1874, in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (merged with Pittsburgh in 1907)〔Miller, Eric. (Stein Birthplace (there here) ). Pbase, 2006.〕 to upper-class Jewish parents, Daniel and Amelia Stein. German and English were spoken at their home.〔Giroud, Vincent. Miller, Eric. (Picasso and Gertrude Stein(there here) ). New York: MET, 2005.〕 Stein's father was a wealthy businessman with real estate holdings, and director of San Francisco street car lines, the Market Street Railway, in an era when public transportation was a privately owned enterprise.〔http://www.smithsonianmag.com, Smithsonian Magazine, Lubow, Arthur, "An Eye for Genius: The Collections of Gertrude and Leo Stein", retrieved October 17, 2012〕 When Stein was three years old she and her family moved to Vienna and then Paris. Accompanied by governesses and tutors, the Steins endeavored to imbue their children with the cultured sensibilities of European history and life.〔http://www.thecrimson.com, ''The Harvard Crimson'', Albright, Alice P., "Gertrude Stein at Radcliffe: Most Brilliant Woman Student", February 18, 1959, retrieved October 15, 2012〕 After a year-long sojourn abroad, they returned to America in 1878, settling in Oakland, California, where Stein attended First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland's Sabbath school.〔Rosenbaum (1987), p. 21.〕 Her mother died in 1888 and her father in 1891. Michael Stein, the eldest brother, took over the family business holdings. He arranged for Gertrude and another sister, Bertha, to live with their mother's family in Baltimore after the deaths of their parents.〔Mellow (1974), pp. 25–28.〕 In 1892, she lived with her uncle David Bachrach.〔(【引用サイトリンク】date=2008-11-21 )〕 Bachrach had married Fanny Keyser, sister of Gertrude's mother Amelia, in 1877. In Baltimore, Stein met Claribel Cone and Etta Cone, who held Saturday evening salons that she would later emulate in Paris. The Cones shared an appreciation for art and conversation about it and modeled a domestic division of labor that Stein would replicate in her relationship with Alice B. Toklas.〔Mellow (1974), pp. 41–42.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gertrude Stein」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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